首先看看这位仁兄，他认为美联储不是国会授权的，但实际上官网是怎么说的呢？
我们可以百度美联储官网，点进去后，找到about the fed这一栏。鼠标移过去后，下面会呈现出一系列栏目，找到Federal Reserve Act(中文意思就是联邦储备法）点进去，点进去后我们看到的第一段话是这样：

The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 established the Federal Reserve System as the central bank of the United States to provide the nation with a safer, more flexible, and more stable monetary and financial system. The law sets out the purposes, structure, and functions of the System as well as outlines aspects of its operations and accountability. Congress has the power to amend the Federal Reserve Act, which it has done several times over the years. The complete act, as amended, is provided here by section.
中文翻译：
1913的联邦储备法建立了联邦储备系统作为美国的中央银行，为国家提供一个更安全、更灵活、更稳定的货币和金融体系。该法规定了该系统的宗旨、结构和职能，并概述了其运作和问责制的各个方面。国会有权修订联邦储备法，多年来它已经做过几次了。经修正后的完整法令，由本节提供。
重点是这句“国会有权修改联邦储备法，多年来它已经做过几次了”，美联储的运作是受联邦储备法的约束与规范，而国会是有对联邦储备法的修订权，所以美联储是间接受国会约束的。可以说美联储的一切行为，都是在国会的允许下去行的。
当然，你可以说表面上是这样，实际上背地里怎样怎样，但我想说，至少人家官方表态是这样。
接下来我们看看大家最关心的印钞权，美联储是否有印钞权呢？

接下来我们看看大家最关心的印钞权，美联储是否有印钞权呢？
有人是这样认为：

这么说吧，世界上有许多国家，把印钞权给了央行，但恰恰美国不是这样！
是的，虽然我被人怼了，但还是很肯定的说，美联储没有印钞权，印钞权归美国财政部，所有美元都是由隶属财政部的铸币局印出来的，依据是联邦储备法的第18章第6条（大家可以点击Federal Reserve Act找到Section 18. Refunding Bonds点击进入）：
6. Collateral for notes; form and tenor; redemption; etc.
Upon the deposit with the Treasurer of the United States, (a) of any direct obligations of the United States or (b) of any notes, drafts, bills of exchange, or bankers' acceptances acquired under the provisions of this Act, any Federal reserve bank making such deposit in the manner prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury shall be entitled to receive from the Secretary of the Treasury circulating notes in blank, duly registered and countersigned. When such circulating notes are issued against the security of obligations of the United States, the amount of such circulating notes shall be equal to the face value of the direct obligations of the United States so deposited as security; and, when issued against the security of notes, drafts, bills of exchange and bankers' acceptances acquired under the provisions of this Act, the amount thereof shall be equal to not more than 90 per cent of the estimated value of such notes, drafts, bills of exchange and bankers' acceptances so deposited as security. Such notes shall be the obligations of the Federal reserve bank procuring the same, shall be in form prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury, shall be receivable at par in all parts of the United States for the same purposes as are national bank notes, and shall be redeemable in lawful money of the United States on presentation at the United States Treasury or at the bank of issue. The Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and empowered to prescribe regulations governing the issuance, redemption, replacement, retirement and destruction of such circulating notes and the release and substitution of security therefor. Such circulating notes shall be subject to the same tax as is provided by law for the circulating notes of national banks secured by 2 per cent bonds of the United States. No such circulating notes shall be issued under this paragraph after the President has declared by proclamation that the emergency recognized by the President by proclamation of March 6, 1933, has terminated, unless such circulating notes are secured by deposits of bonds of the United States bearing the circulation privilege. When required to do so by the Secretary of the Treasury, each Federal reserve agent shall act as agent of the Treasurer of the United States or of the Secretary of the Treasury, or both, for the performance of any of the functions which the Treasurer or the Secretary of the Treasury may be called upon to perform in carrying out the provisions of this paragraph. Appropriations available for distinctive paper and printing United States currency or national bank currency are hereby made available for the production of the circulating notes of Federal reserve banks herein provided; but the United States shall be reimbursed by the Federal reserve bank to which such notes are issued for all expenses necessarily incurred in connection with the procuring of such notes and all other expenses incidental to their issue, redemption, replacement, retirement and destruction.
中文翻译：
美国财政部长接到(a)美国任何直接债券或(b)任何依据本法案规定取得的票据、汇票、汇兑或银行承兑汇票后，任何按照美国财政部长规定的方式交付此储备的联邦储备银行应有权得到空白的、合法登记的并由财政部长加签的流通现钞。如果该类流通现钞的发行是基于美国的国债担保，则该流通现钞的价值应等于美国债券的票面价值；如果该流通现钞的发行是基于依据本法案规定取得的票据、汇票、汇兑、银行承兑汇票的担保，则该流通现钞的价值不应超过美国作为担保的票据、汇票、汇兑、银行承兑汇票预估价值的90%。这样的流通现钞应记为联邦储备银行的负债，且该汇票应以财政部长规定的方式发行。该类汇票与国家银行券的发行目的一致，在美国各地以平价发行。该流通现钞应为可赎回汇票，能以美国合法货币赎回，美国财政部或发行银行见票即付。美国财政部长获得授权，对该类流通现钞的发行、赎回、更换、收回及销毁、担保作出明确规定。按照法律规定，该类流通现钞的相关税款应遵照国家银行流通票据相关规定执行，为债券的2%。在总统宣布1933年3月6日总统声明中的紧急事件已终止前，不得发行此类流通票据，除非该类流通票据由具有流通权的美国债券存款作为担保。如有必要，财政部长或联邦储备监理官应代理履行美国财政部长职务，执行本条款的规定。为支持联邦储备银行发行该流通现钞，特提供用于特殊专用纸、印刷美元、国家银行货币的专项拨款，但联邦储备银行应偿还美国国家因发行该类票据的所产生的所有必要费用，包括与票据的发行、赎回、更换、收回及销毁有关的所有费用。
简单来讲，这段话的意思是，美联储必须以自身的资产为担保向财政部申请美元，作为担保物的资产可以是黄金或是有价证券等等，并且财政部是有权规定担保物必须是什么。如果美联储的申请符合条件，那么美联储就能够获得由财政部部长签发的流通现钞，也就是美元。
所以我们可以看到每一张美元都是有财政部部长签名的（当然他不可能一张一张的签，应该是一批批的签。）

看到左下角跟右下角的签名没。一个是国库长的签名，一个是财政部部长的签名。
所以，美元的印钞权还是掌握在白宫内阁手里。
那么美联储能够做什么呢？美联储是可以拿从财政部那申请来的美元，去执行货币政策，例如购买有价证券，贴现商业票据，当这么做的时候就是在向社会发行美元。

有人说美联储主席不听政府，但联邦储备法里规定，美联储主席必须是由美国总统任命，依据如下：
1. Appointment and qualification of members
The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (hereinafter referred to as the "Board") shall be composed of seven members, to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, after the date of enactment of the Banking Act of 1935, for terms of fourteen years except as hereinafter provided, but each appointive member of the Federal Reserve Board in office on such date shall continue to serve as a member of the Board until February 1, 1936, and the Secretary of the Treasury and the Comptroller of the Currency shall continue to serve as members of the Board until February 1, 1936. In selecting the members of the Board, not more than one of whom shall be selected from any one Federal Reserve district, the President shall have due regard to a fair representation of the financial, agricultural, industrial, and commercial interests, and geographical divisions of the country. In selecting members of the Board, the President shall appoint at least 1 member with demonstrated primary experience working in or supervising community banks having less than $10,000,000,000 in total assets. The members of the Board shall devote their entire time to the business of the Board and shall each receive an annual salary of $15,000, payable monthly, together with actual necessary traveling expenses.
这是联邦储备法第10章的第一条内容，中文翻译是：
美国联邦储备董事会（以下简称“董事会”）应当由七名成员组成，由总统任命，由参议院的意见和同意，1935的银行法案颁布后，除以下规定的十四年，但每个成员任命的联邦储备委员会办公室的日期将继续担任董事会成员，直到1936年2月1日，财政部部长和货币监理署将继续担任董事会成员，直到1936年2月1日。在挑选董事会成员时，主席不得有一人以上来自任何一个联邦储备区，应适当考虑到财政、农业、工业和商业利益以及该国地理区划的公平代表权。在挑选董事会成员时，主席应任命至少1名成员，具有在资产总额少于10000000000美元的社区银行工作或监督的初步经验。董事会成员应将全部时间用于董事会的业务，每人每年应支付15000美元，每月支付，并与实际必要的差旅费用一起支付。
还有下面的第二条：
2. Members ineligible to serve member banks; term of office; chairman and vice chairman
The members of the Board shall be ineligible during the time they are in office and for two years thereafter to hold any office, position, or employment in any member bank, except that this restriction shall not apply to a member who has served the full term for which he was appointed. Upon the expiration of the term of any appointive member of the Federal Reserve Board in office on the date of enactment of the Banking Act of 1935, the President shall fix the term of the successor to such member at not to exceed fourteen years, as designated by the President at the time of nomination, but in such manner as to provide for the expiration of the term of not more than one member in any two-year period, and thereafter each member shall hold office for a term of fourteen years from the expiration of the term of his predecessor, unless sooner removed for cause by the President. Of the persons thus appointed, 1 shall be designated by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to serve as Chairman of the Board for a term of 4 years, and 2 shall be designated by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to serve as Vice Chairmen of the Board, each for a term of 4 years, 1 of whom shall serve in the absence of the Chairman, as provided in the fourth undesignated paragraph of this section, and 1 of whom shall be designated Vice Chairman for Supervision. The Vice Chairman for Supervision shall develop policy recommendations for the Board regarding supervision and regulation of depository institution holding companies and other financial firms supervised by the Board, and shall oversee the supervision and regulation of such firms. The chairman of the Board, subject to its supervision, shall be its active executive officer. Each member of the Board shall within fifteen days after notice of appointment make and subscribe to the oath of office. Upon the expiration of their terms of office, members of the Board shall continue to serve until their successors are appointed and have qualified. Any person appointed as a member of the Board after the date of enactment of the Banking Act of 1935 shall not be eligible for reappointment as such member after he shall have served a full term of fourteen years.
这段我翻译的有点吃力，我就翻译重点句好了：“ Of the persons thus appointed, 1 shall be designated by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to serve as Chairman of the Board for a term of 4 years, and 2 shall be designated by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to serve as Vice Chairmen of the Board, each for a term of 4 years, 1 of whom shall serve in the absence of the Chairman, as provided in the fourth undesignated paragraph of this section, and 1 of whom shall be designated Vice Chairman for Supervision. ”这段话的意思是说：美联储董事会董事长（也就是美联储主席）由总统任命，由参议院的意见和同意，担任董事会主席的任期为4年，而副主席将由总统任命，由参议院的意见和同意，作为董事会副主席，每届任期4年。
这两段话说的很清楚了，美联储最高层的领导班子，都是由美国总统任命，任命后并且还要通过国会批准了才算。

王健[还原真实的美联储]
作为美国最高货币政策主管机关、全球最主要金融机构之一的美联储，
究竟是不是私人机构，股东是谁，利润如何分配？
谁负责制定美联储的政策？
它是否真像传说中那样可以在金融市场上呼风唤雨？
它又如何在金融危机时力挽狂澜，维持金融市场稳定？
量化宽松政策真的是美联储在滥发货币转嫁危机吗？
美国经济复苏后，美联储如何从现行政策中全身而退，又会对全球金融市场造成什么影响？
本书不仅对美联储的历史背景、政策目标、组织架构和运行机制作了客观明确的描述，而且对国内读者特别关心的有关美联储的各个问题进行剖析，提出了独到的见解；在澄清若干对美联储的常见误解之后，我们可以进一步了解美联储在全球经济和金融市场上的作用及其行事逻辑，从而进一步增强对全球市场的预见能力！

基本就先列举那么多吧。美联储算不算私人的，我就不想争论了，毕竟“私人”这个词就没有一个准确的定义……由各位自行判断吧
至于有人说，美联储执行货币政策时无需通过美国总统的同意（即使已经说了美联储主席是由总统任免的）。
是的，美联储确实是货币政策的最高权力终端，但是在联邦储备法的第2B章就规定了美联储每半年就需要举行听证会向国会报告自己最近的工作与未来的计划，并且当美联储在行驶职能时没有带来预期良好效果的话，国会是有权问责。
但即使退一步讲，美联储主席真的是能够完全无视美国总统的意愿，那么就说美联储是个私人机构，那么我想问，美国最高法院的大法官的每一项判决都无须经过总统与国会的批准，甚至有弹劾总统的权力，那我是不是也可以说美国最高法院是私人机构呢？

另外，如果对美联储货币发行机制感兴趣的话，可以看我出的视频，链接是
https://tieba.baidu.com/p/5072390411

上面有一层被系统吞了，里面是谈及美联储股份问题。
我再贴一次吧：
有说，找到证据证明最初美联储的股份归几个私人银行所有，但其实根本不用找证据那么麻烦，因为联邦储备法里就明说了，联邦储备银行的建立是要由会员银行参股，会员银行也就是那些私人的商业银行。然而，虽然由会员银行参股，但是每年只享有固定6%的股息，并且这些所谓的股东完全没有对联储银行的决策权。
依据如下：
Section 5. Stock Issues; Increase and Decrease of Capital1. Amount of shares; increase and decrease of capital; surrender and cancellation of stock
The capital stock of each Federal reserve bank shall be divided into shares of $100 each. The outstanding capital stock shall be increased from time to time as member banks increase their capital stock and surplus or as additional banks become members, and may be decreased as member banks reduce their capital stock or surplus or cease to be members. Shares of the capital stock of Federal reserve banks owned by member banks shall not be transferred or hypothecated. When aclass member bank increases its capital stock or surplus, it shall thereupon subscribe for an additional amount of capital stock of the Federal reserve bank of its district equal to 6 per centum of the said increase, one-half of said subscription to be paid in the manner hereinbefore provided for original subscription, and one-half subject to call of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. A bank applying for stock in a Federal reserve bank at any time after the organization thereof must subscribe for an amount of the capital stock of the Federal reserve bank equal to 6 per centum of the paid-up capital stock and surplus of said applicant bank, paying therefor its par value plus one-half of 1 per centum a month from the period of the last dividend. When a member bank reduces its capital stock or surplus it shall surrender a proportionate amount of its holdings in the capital stock of said Federal Reserve bank. Any member bank which holds capital stock of a Federal Reserve bank in excess of the amount required on the basis of 6 per centum of its paid-up capital stock and surplus shall surrender such excess stock. When a member bank voluntarily liquidates it shall surrender all of its holdings of the capital stock of said Federal Reserve bank and be released from its stock subscription not previously called. In any such case the shares surrendered shall be canceled and the member bank shall receive in payment therefor, under regulations to be prescribed by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, a sum equal to its cash-paid subscriptions on the shares surrendered and one-half of 1 per centum a month from the period of the last dividend, not to exceed the book value thereof, less any liability of such member bank to the Federal Reserve bank.
Section 7. Division of Earnings
(a) Dividends And Surplus Funds Of Reserve Banks.
Stockholder Dividends.
Dividend Amount. After all necessary expenses of a Federal reserve bank have been paid or provided for, the stockholders of the bank shall be entitled to receive an annual dividend on paid-in capital stock of--
in the case of a stockholder with total consolidated assets of more than $10,000,000,000, the smaller of--
the rate equal to the high yield of the 10-year Treasury note auctioned at the last auction held prior to the payment of such dividend; and
6 percent; and
in the case of a stockholder with total consolidated assets of $10,000,000,000 or less, 6 percent.
Dividend Cumulative. The entitlement to dividends under subparagraph (A) shall be cumulative.
Inflation Adjustment. The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System shall annually adjust the dollar amounts of total consolidated assets specified under subparagraph (A) to reflect the change in the Gross Domestic Product Price Index, published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis.
Deposit Of Net Earnings In Surplus Fund. That portion of net earnings of each Federal reserve bank which remains after dividend claims under subparagraph (1)(A) have been fully met shall be deposited in the surplus fund of the bank.
Limitations On Surplus Funds.
In General. The aggregate amount of the surplus funds of the Federal reserve banks may not exceed $10,000,000,000.
Transfer To The General Fund. Any amounts of the surplus funds of the Federal reserve banks that exceed, or would exceed, the limitation under subparagraph (A) shall be transferred to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System for transfer to the Secretary of the Treasury for deposit in the general fund of the Treasury.
(b) Transfer For Fiscal Year 2000.
In General. The Federal reserve banks shall transfer from the surplus funds of such banks to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System for transfer to the Secretary of the Treasury for deposit in the general fund of the Treasury, a total amount of $3,752,000,000 in fiscal year 2000.
Allocated By Fed. Of the total amount required to be paid by the Federal reserve banks under paragraph (1) for fiscal year 2000, the Board shall determine the amount each such bank shall pay in such fiscal year.
Replenishment Of Surplus Fund Prohibited. During fiscal year 2000, no Federal reserve bank may replenish such bank's surplus fund by the amount of any transfer by such bank under paragraph (1).
[12 USC 289. As amended by acts of March 3, 1919 (40 Stat. 1314); June 16, 1933 (48 Stat. 163); Aug. 10, 1993 (107 Stat. 337); Sept. 23, 1994 (108 Stat. 2291); Nov. 29, 1999 (113 Stat. 1501A-304), which added this subsection (b) but failed to redesignate existing subsection (b) (12 USC 290); and Dec. 4, 2015 (129 Stat. 1312, 1739-40).]
(b) Use of Earnings Transferred To The Treasury. The net earnings derived by the United States from Federal reserve banks shall, in the discretion of the Secretary, be used to supplement the gold reserve held against outstanding United States notes, or shall be applied to the reduction of the outstanding bonded indebtedness of the United States under regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury. Should a Federal reserve bank be dissolved or go into liquidation, any surplus remaining, after the payment of all debts, dividend requirements as hereinbefore provided, and the par value of the stock, shall be paid to and become the property of the United States and shall be similarly applied.
[12 USC 290. Part of original Federal Reserve Act; not amended. Designated subsection (b) by act of Aug. 10, 1993 (107 Stat. 337).]
(c) Exemption From Taxation. Federal reserve banks, including the capital stock and surplus therein, and the income derived therefrom shall be exempt from Federal, State, and local taxation, except taxes upo
上面分别是联邦储备法的第5章跟第7章，精力有限我就不全文翻译了。
但其中有句是重点：(b) Use of Earnings Transferred To The Treasury. The net earnings derived by the United States from Federal reserve banks shall, in the discretion of the Secretary, be used to supplement the gold reserve held against outstanding United States notes, or shall be applied to the reduction of the outstanding bonded indebtedness of the United States under regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury. Should a Federal reserve bank be dissolved or go into liquidation, any surplus remaining, after the payment of all debts, dividend requirements as hereinbefore provided, and the par value of the stock, shall be paid to and become the property of the United States and shall be similarly applied.
这里规定了美联储在支付日常开销与会员银行固定股息后的盈余资金，是要上缴财政部的。
所以，联邦储备法明确规定了，美联储的所有利润是进入到美国政府国库作为财政收入的

我就说怀疑阴谋论是假的人，是不真的弱智还是**，你人与人之间交际不往往都还是勾心斗角嘛，难道国与国之间关系下是阳光明媚下的1+1＝2，那么单纯，要不要啊！？

你对美联储股权构成说的很清楚，这就是一个众多私立的

资本家们控制的银行所构成的，别说大法官，资本家往往都可以控制总统，大法官又算得了什么呢

路过

有没有介绍经济学的群

继续给大家讲解下，其实美联储官方一直宣称自己是政府机构，而现在阴谋论者说美联储是私人的主要论据就在于上述提到的联邦储备法的第五章，关于美联储股份的问题。接下来我们主要探讨下，为什么美联储采取这种股份方式？
是的，根据联邦储备法，12家联邦储备银行的原始资产归私人银行家所有，也就是说，假如一家联邦储备银行破产清算的话，那些固定资产是要按私人银行的股份比例来瓜分。
所以，可以说在明面上，私人银行家“拥有”着联邦储备银行。但是又如上面所提到的联邦储备法第7章所说，会员银行只享受每年固定的6%的股息，并且没有决策权，没有对联储银行管理层的任免权。
至于私人不私人，就如我一开始所说，只是个标签问题，重要的是标签下所表达的内涵，说美联储是私人的，其实就是向其他人传达一种理念是美国经济是被私人银行家控制着。是不是这样呢？
我先解答下为什么美联储要采取这种股份方式：
首先我们回到1913年以前美联储还没成立的时候，那时候美国的流通货币的发行完全是由私人银行发行，如同军阀割据一般，后来造成一系列麻烦，这里就不详细阐述了，然后美国决定要成立一家中央银行。
那么该如何凭空成立一家中央银行呢？总的来讲有三种方案：
1，直接指定一家（或几家）私人银行，让它成为国家中央银行——如果真这样就真如阴谋论所说，经济完全被私人银行家控制了。那么政府买下一家私人银行，然后让它成为由政府掌权的中央银行呢？简单来讲，政府没那么多钱。直接取缔一家私人银行，让那家银行的老板完全听政府的？这样不符合美国的平等自由的道德价值观
所以第一个方案不可取。
2，直接就成立一家中央银行，在没有资产作为发行担保品的情况下直接印钱发行，就像人民币那样，用国家强制力确保它的流通。以前林肯做过这样的事，后来为什么说不可行，可以看我《美联储货币发行体系解析》系列视频的第2集跟第4集，那里面就从道德层面与这样做所带来的效应来解释了为什么在美国看来货币发行必须有资产作为发行担保。
所以这个方案也不可取。
3，政府自己成立一家中央银行，拿自己的资产作为发行担保——就如刚刚所说，政府没那么富有。如果真有那么多资产那就见鬼了，比较在美国看来政府只是大众的服务者。
那么只剩下最后一种方案，向社会融资。那么融资就存在一个问题，按照伦理来讲，融资建立的单位的所有权理应属于投资人，投资人理应享有这单位的决策权。然而国会就在这点上，实行了霸王条款，入股的会员银行没有任何决策权，也没有人事任免权，只是名义上有“所有权”。其实从入股的私人银行家的角度看，这是妥妥的侵权，这在道义上是说不过去的，但国会为了确保国家的自由，不被私人银行家掌控，所以在这点上任性了一把。
那私人银行家能怎么办呢？不去参股不就行了，自己玩自己的。但想想看，一旦国家有一个中央银行，统一了货币发行，你必须加入它的体系才享有再贴现，还有各种金融服务。你不加入它，就只能边缘化。所以从美联储角度看，它不愁没人来。所以私人银行家面对这一霸王条款只能忍气吞声。
所以在我看来，美联储的成立其实是强行从私人银行家那里挖走了核心利益，而且是最重要的核心利益。以上是我的阐述，不知大家怎么看呢？
最后说下，如果私人银行家要控制美联储，该如何做呢？就是他必须先控制了总统，还要控制国会大部分议员，因为美联储的董事会是总统提名，国会拍板通过的。大家可以想想这可行性多高，美国三权分立的意义就是为了避免这种情况的