欧剑分类与简单介绍【译文】

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MedievalSwords 中世纪剑

Medieval swords existed in great varieties over anumber of centuries.
中世纪剑种类繁多，历史悠久。
But certain common characteristics can describe the"generic" medieval sword as a long, wide, straight, double-edgedblade with a simple cross-guard (or "cruciform" hilt).
但是中世纪剑有一些共同的特征：长、宽、直，双刃，具有简单的十字剑格。
It might be designed for one or two-hands.
它可能设计为单手或者双手使用。
The typical form was a single hand weapon used forhacking, shearing cuts and also for limited thrusting.
典型的中世纪剑是用于砍劈、切割以及有限的突刺的单手武器。
This style developed essentially from Celtic,Germanic, Anglo-Saxon, and late Roman (the spatha) forms.
这种剑基本上起源自凯尔特剑，日耳曼剑，盎格鲁撒克逊剑，罗马帝国时期的spatha。
The Viking and early Frankish forms (the"spata") are also considered to be more direct ancestors.
维京人和早期的法兰克人的spata剑也被认为是更贴近的原型。
Medieval swords can be classified (typically by hiltdesign) into a great many categories by curators, collectors, and militaryhistorians.
博物馆策展人，收藏家和军事历史学家，通常依据剑柄，分类中世纪的剑。
However,students & re-creationists today should prefer the actual historical terms.
然而，今天的学生和娱乐人士偏好按照历史术语来分类。
At the time,long bladed weapons were simply referred to as "swords", or for thelonger ones often a "sword of war", "war-sword" , or even a"long-sword".
当时，长刃武器仅仅简单地称为"swords"，或者较长的武器通常叫"war-sword"战剑，或"long-sword"长剑
When later worn on the belt by mounted knights theymight be called an Arming-sword.
后来，骑马的骑士也装备“ Arming-sword”武装剑。
Arming-swords were also considered"riding-swords" (also parva ensis or epee courte).
武装剑因此获名骑兵剑"riding-swords"
It is this single-hand form which is so closelyassociated with the idea of the "knightly sword" (c. 1300).
窗体顶端
这种单手剑与大约产生于1300年的“knightly sword骑士剑”的联系紧密。
The challengeof armor in the Age-of-plate, forced many blades (both single-hand and longer)to be made narrower and pointier, but also thicker and more rigid.
窗体顶端
在“板甲时代”中的装甲，许多剑（单手剑和更长的剑）被迫变得越来越窄，越来越硬。
From at leastthe late 1300’s in England, a single-hand blade of this form was referred as a"short swerde".
至少从英国的1300年代末期，这种样式的单手剑被称为 "short swerde"。
In 15th century Germany it was the Kurczenswert.
15世纪的德国人称之Kurczen swert.
At this same time, as a result of the increased use ofthrusting techniques some blades adopted guards with knuckle-bars,finger-rings, and/or sides-rings which lead to the compound-hilt.
同时由于穿刺thrusting(?) 技术的推广，一些剑采用了指杆，指环和/或侧环的防护装置，复合剑柄诞生了。
In laterElizabethan times, older one-handed medieval type blades became known as"short-swords" while the larger variety were still referred to as"long-swords".
在伊丽莎白时代晚期（16世纪后期），老式的单手中世纪型剑被称为“short sword”，而较大的剑仍被称为“long sword”。
The term"short sword" was used later by 19th century collectors to refer toany style of "shorter" one-handed swords typically from ancient timeson.
19世纪以后，收藏家使用“short sword”这个术语来称呼古早的“短”单手剑。

The Broadsword 阔刃剑

A term popularly misapplied as a generic synonym formedieval swords or any long, wide military blade.
这个术语普遍地、错误地被用于指代任何长而宽的军用剑，或者中世纪剑。
The now popular misnomer "broadsword" inreference to Medieval blades actually originated with collectors in the early19th century -although many mistranslations and misinterpretations ofMedieval literature during the 19th & 20th centuries have inserted the wordbroadsword in place of other terms.
现在流行的对中世纪剑的俗称“Broadsword”实际上源于19世纪初的收藏家——尽管在19世纪至20世纪期间，许多对中世纪文学的错误翻译和误解已经引入了其他词汇来代替“Broadsword”。
They described swords of earlier ages as being"broader" than their own contemporary thinner ones.
这群收藏家把19世纪初之前的剑描述成比当时的薄剑更“阔”的剑。
Many 17th-19th century blades such as spadroons,cutlasses, and straight sabers are classed as broadswords as are other closedhilt military swords.
直的军刀Saber与其他环式封闭剑柄的刀剑一样被列为Broadsword。
The weapon known as the true Broadsword is in fact aform of short cutlass.
真正的Broadsword的武器实际上是一种短弯刀cutlass。
The term "broadsword" does not appear inEnglish military texts from the 1570s - 1630s, and does not show up ininventories of sword types from the 1630's, and likely came into use sometimebetween 1619 and 1630.


16世纪70年代至17世纪30年代的英国军事文献中未曾出现“Broadsword”这个词，而且也没有出现在1630年代的剑类大全中。Broadsword可能在1619年至1630年间开始使用。
Descriptions of swords as "broad" beforethis time are only incidental and the word "broad" is used as anadjective in the same way "sharp" or "large" would beapplied.
在此之前，以“阔”描述剑只是偶然的，“阔”这个词被用作形容词，就像“锋利”和“大”一样。
Leading arms curators almost always list thebroadsword specifically as a close-hilted military sword from the second halfof the 17th century.
博物馆管理员几乎总是把Broadsword列为17世纪下半叶环的环式封闭剑柄军用剑。
Those cage and basket hilted blades used by cavalrystarting in the 1640's were in form, "broadswords".
这些骑兵使用的笼手剑在16世纪40年代开始发展形成broadswords
During this time a gentleman's blade had become theslender small-sword, whereas the military used various cutting blades.
这段时间，绅士剑已经变成苗条的小剑，而军队使用丰富多样的斩刀。
Today, arms collectors, museum curatorstheatrical-fighters, and fantasy-gamers have made the word broadsword a common,albeit blatantly historically incorrect, term for the Medieval sword.
今天，武器收藏家，博物馆策展人，演员和玩家用broadsword这个术语错误地泛称中世纪剑。虽然，依照历史，这种叫法显然是错误的。

Long-Swords 长剑

The various kinds of long bladed Medieval swords thathad handles long enough to be used in two hands were deemed long-swords.
长剑即是有足够双手握持的剑柄，且长刃的中世纪剑。
Long-swords, war-swords, or greatswords are characterized by having both a long grip and a longblade.
长刃和长剑柄是长剑，战剑，巨剑共有特征。
We know at thetime that Medieval warriors did distinguished war-swords or great-swords("grant espees" or "grete swerdes") from"standard" swords in general,
中世纪的战士把战剑和巨剑从“标准”剑中区分出来，
but long-swords were really just those larger versionsof typical one-handed swords, except with stouter blades.
但long-sword真的只是典型单手剑的加长版——除了刃变得更结实了。
They were "longer swords", as opposed tosingle-hand swords, or just "swords".
它是“更长的剑”，而不是单手剑。
They could be used on foot or mounted and sometimeseven with a shield.
步兵和骑兵皆可装备long-sword，还可以并用盾牌。
The term war-sword from the 1300's referred to largerswords that were carried in battle.
1300年，战剑开始指代更大的剑。
They were usually kept on the saddle as opposed toworn on the belt.
long-sword通常插放在在鞍座上，而不是皮带上。
A 15th centuryBurgundian manual refers to both "great and small swords".
15世纪，Burgundian 剑谱涉及“巨剑和小剑”。
As a convenient classification, long-swords includegreat-swords, bastard-swords, and estocs.
当用作宽泛的分类时，“长剑”这个概念包括巨剑，混种剑和破甲剑。
In the 1200’s in England blunt swords for non-lethaltournaments were sometimes known as "arms of courtesy".
在1200年的英国，非致命性比赛使用的钝刀有时被称为“礼貌的武器”。
参考1507年的英国锦标赛，参赛者们受到“8折型钢剑??”的挑战
There is a reference to an English tournament of 1507in which among the events contestants are challenged to "8 strookes withSwords rebated". 。
Wooden training weapons were sometimescalled wasters in the 1200's or batons in the 1300's and1400's.
木制训练武器1200年代叫做waster，在1300年代和1400年代叫做 baton。
Knightly combat with blunt or "foyled"weapons for pleasure was known as à plaisance, combat to the deathwas à lóuutrance.
用钝或“foyled??”的武器进行骑士战斗叫àplaisance，打死为止的战斗叫àlóuutrance。

Great-Swords 巨剑

Those blades long and weighty enough to demand adouble grip are great-swords.
巨剑的剑体长而重，必须双手握持。
They are infantry swords which cannot be used in asingle-hand.
巨剑是无法仅凭单手使用的步兵剑。
Originally the term "great-sword" , onlymeant a war-sword (long-sword),

从前，“巨剑”一词，只称呼战剑或长剑
but it has now more or less come to mean a sub-classof those larger long-swords/war-swords that are still not true two-handers.
不过现在一般称呼那些较大的长剑/剑亚类，这些亚类还不算真正的双手剑。
Although they are "two hand" swords,great-swords not are the specialized weapons of later two-handed swords.
虽然这些亚类是双手握持的剑，但这时它还没有分化成专门的双手剑。
They are the swords that are antecedents to the evenlarger Renaissance versions.
他们是文艺复兴时期更大的剑的前身。
Great-swords are also the weapons often depicted invarious German sword manuals.
巨剑常出现于德国剑谱中。
Whereas other long-swords could be used on horsebackand some even with shields, great swords however were infantry weapons only.
其他长剑可以在马上使用，有些甚至可以配盾牌使用。然而巨剑仅作为步兵武器。
Their bladesmight be flat and wide or later on, more narrow and hexagonal or diamondshaped.
巨剑的剑体平而宽，后来出现了剑体横截面窄的，六边形或菱形的巨剑。
These larger swords capable of facing heavier weaponssuch as pole-arms and larger axes were devastating against lighter armors.
巨剑能够对抗身着轻甲而装备重兵器（如长杆武器和大斧）的士兵。
Long,two-handed swords with narrower, flat hexagonal blades and thinner tips (suchas the Italian "spadone") were a response to plate-armor.

后来出现的巨剑，剑体长且具有较窄的扁平六角形剑体横截面和较薄的剑尖。甚至能用于对抗板甲士兵。
Against plate armor such rigid, narrow, and sharplypointed swords are not used in the same chop and cleave manner as with flatter,wider long-swords and great swords.
这种刚性，细锐的巨剑。并不像平而宽的长剑和一般的巨剑一样劈砍攻击。
Instead, theyare handled with tighter movements that emphasize their thrusting points andallow for greater use of the hilt.
它剑术紧凑，注重剑柄灵巧运动，注重剑尖突刺攻击。
Those of the earlier parallel-edged shape are knownmore as war-swords, while later the thicker, tapering, sharply pointed formwere more often called bastard-swords.
早期平行剑刃的剑一般称为war-sword战剑，而后来较厚的，细锐，锥形的剑更常称为bastard-sword混种剑。
One type oflong German sword, the "Rhenish Langenschwert", from the Rhenish cityof Cologne, had a blade of some 4 feet and an enormous grip of some 14 to 16inches long, not including the pommel.

莱茵河边的科隆市，有一种长的德国剑，叫"Rhenish Langen schwert"，剑刃达1.22m，剑柄达950px（不含配重球）。

Bastard Swords 混种剑

In the early 1400's (as early as 1418) a form oflong-sword often with specially shaped grips for one or two hands, became knownas an Espée Bastarde or "bastard sword".
混种剑是一种长剑。出现早在1418年。通常用一只或两只手握持。具有特殊形状的剑柄。
The term may derive not form the blade length, butbecause bastard-swords typically had longer handles with special"half-grips" which could be used by either one or both hands.
之所以称为“混种剑”并非由于剑刃的长度，而是因为混种剑具有额外的“半手”剑柄，既能单手握也能双手握。
In this sense they were neither a one-handed sword nora true great-sword/two-handed sword, and thus not a member of either"family" of sword.
在这个意义上，混种剑既不是单手剑，也不是一把巨剑或双手剑，因此不属于其他的剑类。
Evidence shows the their blade were typically tapered.
有证据显示典型的混种剑的剑体横截面呈锥形的。因此有的混种剑适合劈砍，而有的适合突刺。
Since newer types of shorter swords were coming intouse, the term "bastard-sword" came to distinguish this form oflong-sword.
“混种剑”这一术语将这一武器与“长剑”以及当时正在投入使用的较短的剑区分开来。(混种剑长度在长剑和武装剑之间)
These handles have recognizable "waist" and"bottle" shapes (such grips were later used on the Renaissancetwo-handed sword).
混种剑的剑柄具有可识别的“腰”和“瓶”形状（后来，文艺复兴双手剑沿用了这些剑柄）。
The unique bastard-sword half-grip was a versatile andpractical innovation.
额外的“半手”剑柄这一创新丰富了混种剑的剑术。
Some were intended more for cutting while others werebetter for thrusting. Bastard swords continued to be used by knights andmen-at-arms into the 1500's.
15世纪初。骑士和战士仍然使用着混种剑。
Their hilt style leads toward the shorter cut &thrust sword forms of the Renaissance.
混种剑剑柄的特殊形状，直接影响一些文艺复兴时期的较短的劈刺剑。
Strangely, in the early Renaissance the termbastard-sword was also sometimes used to refer to single-hand arming-swordswith compound-hilts.
奇怪的是，在早期的文艺复兴时期，混种剑也有时被用来指具有复合式刀刃的单手武装剑。
A form ofGerman arming sword with a bastard-style compound hilt was called a"Reitschwert" ("cavalry sword") or a "Degen"("knight's sword").
一种有混种剑式的复合式剑柄的德国武装剑，被称为“Reitschwert”（“骑兵剑”）或“Degen”（“骑士剑”）。

Although these might have been forms of single-handestoc.
虽然这种剑可能是单手版的estoc（破甲剑）。
The familiar modern term "hand-and-a-half"was more or less coined to describe bastards swords specifically.
诸位熟悉的现代术语“一手半剑”，多少有点专指混种剑。
The term "hand-and-a-half sword" is oftenused in reference to long-swords is not historical and is sometimes misappliedto other swords
“手半剑”通常指历史未出现的长剑，也有时误指其他剑
(althoughduring the late 1500's, long after such blades fell out of favor, some Germanforms of this phrase are believed to have been used).
（在16世纪00年代后期，这时混种剑已经失宠，一些德国剑曾经以“手半剑”为名。）。
While there is no evidence of the term“hand-and-a-half” having been used during the Middle Ages, either in English orother languages, it does appear in the 16th century.
无论是英文还是其他语言，都没有证据表明中世纪出现过“一手半”这个术语。这个术语直到16世纪才出现。
In his 1904 bibliography of Spanish texts, D. Enriquede Leguina gives a 1564 reference to una espada estoque de mano y media,and a 1594 reference to una espada de mano y media.
在1904年的西班牙文本参考书目中，D. Enrique de Leguina提供了1564年的参考文献，以及1594年对una espada estoque de mano y media（各种剑）的参考。（？？）
IntheRagionamento, the unpublished appendix to his 1580, Traite dEscrime (“Fencing Treatise”), Giovanni Antonio Lovino describes one swordas una spada di una mano et mana et meza (literally “hand and a halfsword”) which he distinguishes from the much larger spada da due mani ortwo-handed sword (the immense Renaissance weapon).
在他的1580年的《推理》的未发表的附录“击剑论”中，乔瓦尼·安东尼奥·洛维诺（Giovanni Antonio Lovino）描述了一种比”双手巨剑”更大的“手半剑”（？？？）
The term spadone was used by Fiore DeiLiberi in 1410 to refer to a tapering long-sword
1410年，菲奥雷·迪利·黎波里（ Fiore Dei Liberi ）使用Spadone这个术语来称呼锥形长剑。
and Camillo Agrippa in 1550 calledthe spadone a war sword.
1550年，卡米洛·阿格里帕（Camillo Agrippa）将Spadone归类为战剑。
Later it was defined by John Florio in his 1598Italian-English dictionary as “a long or two-hand sword”.
后来，约翰·弗洛里奥（John Florio）在他的1598意大利语 - 英语词典中定义为“长剑或双手剑”。

Two-handed Swords双手剑

The term "two-hander" or "two-handedsword" (espée a deure mains or spada da due mani) was in use asearly as 1400 and is really a classification of sword applied both to Medievalgreat-swords as well Renaissance swords (the true two-handed swords).
“双手剑”一词早在1400年出现，并且用于区分中世纪巨剑和文艺复兴时期的双手剑。
Such weapons saw more use in the later Middle Ages andearly Renaissance.
这种武器多用于中世纪后期和文艺复兴早期。
Technically, true two-handed swords (epee's a deuxmain) were actually Renaissance, not Medieval weapons.
从技术上讲，真正的双手剑是文艺复兴时期的武器，而不是中世纪的武器。
They are really those specialized forms of the later1500-1600's, such as theSwiss/German Dopplehander ("double-hander")or Bidenhander ("both-hander")or Zweihander / Zweyhander are relatively modern nothistorical terms.
他们是之后1500-1600年代的分化的剑的前身，如瑞士/德国的Dopplehander，Bidenhander，Zweihander等名称。Zweihander这名字其实是后世所后加的而非历史术语。
English ones were sometimes referred to as"slaughterswords" after theGermanSchlachterschwerter ("battle swords").
英国的双手剑有时是对“屠剑slaughterswords”的称呼，出自德国Schlachter schwerter。（slaughter sword有可能就是Lowlander Sword）
These weaponswere used primarily for fighting against pike-squares where they would hackpaths through lobbing the tips off the poles.
这些武器主要用于对付长矛方阵。双手剑兵将把矛尖拨开甚至劈断，杀出一条血路。
In Germany, England, and elsewhere schools also taughttheir use for single-combat.
在德国，英国和其他地方的学校，也教授双手剑兵一对一战斗。
In True two-handed swords have compound-hilts withside-rings and enlarged cross-guards of up to 12 inches.
真正的双手剑，配有侧环，复合剑柄，和长达30.5厘米的放大版剑格。
Most havesmall, pointed lugs or flanges protruding from their blades 4-8 inches belowtheir guard.
大多双手剑的剑格下方10-20厘米处有突出的凸缘。
These parrierhaken or "parryinghooks" act almost as a secondary guard for the ricasso to prevent otherweapons from sliding down into the hands.
这些锚爪或者叫“格挡钩”几乎作为ricasso（ricasso即剑身靠近柄的不开刃处）的第二剑格，以防止其他武器劈到手。
They make up for the weapon's slowness on the defenceand can allow another blade to be momentarily trapped or bound up. They canalso be used to strike with.
这个设计弥补了双手剑防守动作缓慢的缺陷，并且可以让敌方的剑被暂时地困住。也能用来打击。
The most well-known of "twa handit swordis"is the Scottish Claymore (Gaelic for "claidheamh-more" orgreat-sword) which developed out of earlier Scottish great-swords with whichthey are often compared.
最着名的双手剑莫属苏格兰阔刃大斩剑Claymore（盖尔语中claidheamh-more意为greatsword），它们由早期苏格兰的巨剑发展而来。

They were used by the Scottish Highlanders against theEnglish in the 1500's.
16世纪00年代，苏格兰高地人曾以此对抗英格兰人。
Another sword of the same name is the later Scotsbasket-hilt broadsword (a relative of the Renaissance Slavic-Italian schiavona)whose hilt completely enclosed the hand in a cage-like guard.
同名的另一把剑是后来的苏格兰笼手阔刃剑（与文艺复兴时期的斯拉夫剑Schiavona有亲缘关系），其剑柄就像护着手的笼子。
Both swords have come to be known by the same namesince the late 1700's.
自从18世纪00年代后期以来，这两把剑由于同名而闻名。（？？）
Certain wave or flame-bladed two-handed swords havecome to be known by collectors as flamberges, although this is inaccurate.
一些波浪剑体或焰形剑体的双手剑，被收藏家误认为焰形剑，
Such swords developed in the early-to-mid 1500's andare more appropriately known as flammards or flambards (theGerman Flammenschwert).
这种剑在16世纪00年代初至中期发展起来，更适合称为flammards 或 flambards焰形剑（德国Flammen schwert）。
The flamberge was also a term later applied to certaintypes of rapiers.
flamberge也是一个术语，后来适用于某些类型的迅捷剑。
The wave-blade form is visually striking but really nomore effective in its cutting than a straight one.
波形剑的造型给人一种视觉冲击，但切割斩击方面并不比普通的剑更加有效。
There were also huge two-handed blades known as"bearing-swords" or "parade-swords" (Paratschwert),weighing up to 12 or even 15 pounds and which were intended only for carryingin ceremonial processions and parades.
还有称为“负剑”或“游行剑”（Paratschwert）的巨大双手剑，重达5.5甚至6.8千克，仅用于举行仪式游行和游行。

In the 1500’sthere were also a few rare single-edged two-handers such as theSwiss-German Grosse Messer or later sometimes called a Zwiehandsabel.
在1600年代，还有一些罕见的单刃双手剑，如瑞士德语Grosse Messer以后有时被称为Zwiehand sabel。

The Estoc 破甲剑

A form of long, rigid,pointed, triangular or square bladed and
virtually edgeless sword designed for thrusting intoplate-armor was the estoc.
破甲剑是一种较长刚硬且尖锐的剑身横截面成三角或者菱形的无刃的剑,专为刺入板甲而设计。
Calleda stocco in Italian, estoque in Spanish, a tuck in English, Panzerstecher or Dreiecker inGerman, and a kanzer in Eastern Europe.
意大利人一般称它为stocco，西班牙人一般称它为estoque，英国人把它叫做tuck，德国人称之anzerstecher or Dreiecker
They were usedwith two hands and similar to great-swords (but were unrelated to laterrapiers).
它和大剑比较相似，人们一般双手使用（但它和后来的轻剑不同）
They were used in two hands with the second hand oftengripping the blade.
双手使用时，次手一般握住剑的刃部。

Some were sharpened only near the point and othersmight have one or two large round hand guards.
有些破甲剑只有在接近剑尖的部分开刃，有些还有一个或两个巨大的剑格。
Rapiers aresometimes mistakenly referred to as tucks, and there is evidence that duringthe Renaissance some rapiers may have been referred to as such by the English.
轻剑有时总是被误认为与破甲剑，并且有证据表明，在文艺复兴时期，有些轻剑在英语中被指认为破甲剑。
In French "estoc" itself means to thrust.
在法语中 estos这个词就是刺入的意思

The Claymore苏格兰阔刃大斩剑

Identified with the Scot's symbol of the warrior, theterm "Claymore" is Gaelic for "claidheamh-more" (greatsword).
为了与苏格兰战士的象征区分，苏格兰阔刃大斩剑在盖尔语（Gaelic）中被称为"claidheamh-more" (大剑）
This two-handed broadsword was used by the ScottishHighlanders against the English in the 16th century
这种双手阔刃剑是在十六世纪为了抵抗英吉利共和国时，为苏格兰高地部队士兵使用的。
and is often confused with a Basket-hilt"broadsword" (a relative of the Italian schiavona) whose hiltcompletely enclosed the hand in a cage- like guard.

他们总是被人们与一种的笼手阔刃剑（一种与意大利人喜欢用的斯拉夫剑Italian schiavona相似的剑）混淆。
Both swords have come to be known by the same namesince the late 1700's.
两种剑都在十八世纪末以同一个名字为人所知